Find A² − 5A + 4I and Matrix X

Question

If \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 0 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & -1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \] find \[ A^2 – 5A + 4I \] and hence find matrix \(X\) such that \[ A^2 – 5A + 4I + X = 0. \]


Solution

Step 1: Compute \(A^2\)

\[ A^2 = \begin{bmatrix} 5 & -1 & 2 \\ 9 & -2 & 5 \\ 0 & -1 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 2: Compute \(A^2 – 5A\)

\[ 5A = \begin{bmatrix} 10 & 0 & 5 \\ 10 & 5 & 15 \\ 5 & -5 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \] \[ A^2 – 5A = \begin{bmatrix} -5 & -1 & -3 \\ -1 & -7 & -10 \\ -5 & 4 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 3: Add \(4I\)

\[ 4I = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix} \] \[ A^2 – 5A + 4I = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & -1 & -3 \\ -1 & -3 & -10 \\ -5 & 4 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 4: Find \(X\)

\[ A^2 – 5A + 4I + X = 0 \Rightarrow X = -(A^2 – 5A + 4I) \] \[ X = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 3 & 10 \\ 5 & -4 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \]

Final Answers

\[ A^2 – 5A + 4I = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & -1 & -3 \\ -1 & -3 & -10 \\ -5 & 4 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \] \[ X = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & 3 & 10 \\ 5 & -4 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \]

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