Power of Diagonal Matrix

Question

If \[ A = \text{diag}(a, b, c) = \begin{bmatrix} a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix} \] show that \[ A^n = \text{diag}(a^n, b^n, c^n) \] for all positive integers \(n\).


Solution (Mathematical Induction)

Step 1: Base Case (n = 1)

\[ A^1 = \begin{bmatrix} a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} a^1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b^1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c^1 \end{bmatrix} \] ✔ True for \(n=1\)

Step 2: Assume for \(n = k\)

\[ A^k = \begin{bmatrix} a^k & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b^k & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c^k \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 3: Prove for \(n = k+1\)

\[ A^{k+1} = A^k \cdot A \] \[ = \begin{bmatrix} a^k & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b^k & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c^k \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 4: Multiply

\[ = \begin{bmatrix} a^{k+1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b^{k+1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c^{k+1} \end{bmatrix} \]

Step 5: Conclusion

✔ True for \(k+1\) \[ \Rightarrow A^n = \begin{bmatrix} a^n & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & b^n & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & c^n \end{bmatrix} \]

Final Result

\[ A^n = \text{diag}(a^n, b^n, c^n) \]

Hence proved.

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